Racine at the Girls' School
Written for the Cheltenham Ladies' College to perform at the Cheltenham
Literary Festival of 1992 this play was performed entirely
by girls, mostly sixth-formers.
Bryan Robertson in The Spectator:
"Spurling paid the College the compliment of writing a serious,
highly entertaining play of ideas and this confidence was repaid handsomely
by a production better acted and better-looking than many dismal affairs
seen in London."
The subject was one that had
been at the back of my mind for many years. Racine's last two plays -
Esther and Athalie - were partly operatic Biblical stories written for
Madame de Maintenon's new girls' school at St Cyr and performed entirely
by teenage girls. Why, after his masterpiece Phèdre, did he write
no more plays for ten years and never again for the professional theatre?
My research provided the answer, which this play incorporates. But I soon became still more intrigued by
the circumstances of the actual production of Racine's Esther in 1689.
Although the subject was deliberately 'improving' - the school
had previously mounted an alarmingly passionate version of Racine's early
play Andromache and Madame de Maintenon had asked for something very different
- there was powerful opposition from some quarters to the whole project
and especially its popularity with the Versailles courtiers.
At the fourth performance, on February 5th, 1689, Madame de Maintenon's
niece, Madame de Caylus, took over the name-part and sent the audience
into raptures. Among the audience on this occasion were the exiled King
James II of England and his Queen. The following day, February 6th, back
in their lost kingdom, the English Parliament confirmed the so-called
'Glorious Revolution' of 1688 and inaugurated the British system of constitutional
monarchy by bestowing the throne on James's daughter Mary and her Dutch
husband, William. They are known to history as our only joint monarchs:
William III and Mary II. The "turncoat" general John Churchill,
who helped bring William and Mary to power because he feared that James
would make England Catholic again, later became Duke of Marlborough and
won many decisive victories against Louis XIV's armies, frustrating his
attempts to dominate Western Europe. John Churchill's most famous descendant
was, of course, Winston Churchill, who did so much to frustrate Hitler's
attempt to dominate Europe in the 20th Century.
As if all this weren't enough, I discovered that the schoolgirl
playing the part of Elisa in the play - her name was Marie Clara des Champs
de Marcilly - went on to marry the Marquis de Villette, one of the eager
courtiers who saw her perform and was himself a cousin of Madame de Maintenon.
I'm not sure of his exact relationship to Madame de Caylus and, for simplicity's
sake, have called him her brother. However, since I'd tied myself down
- emulating Racine's own classically-structured plays - to Aristotle's
'dramatic unities' of place, time and action, I was unable to use the
rest of Mlle de Marcilly's story. After the death of her husband, the
Marquis de Villette, in 1707, she married again.
Her second husband was the exiled British politician, Henry St
John, Viscount Bolingbroke, and the couple eventually retired to Bolingbroke's
family home in London. They died in 1750 and 1751, are buried together
in the crypt of Battersea Parish Church in South London, and commemorated
on the wall of the church in a marble relief by the famous sculptor Roubiliac.
I suspect that the Marquis de Villette was older than I've made him, but
felt that, in a play for 17-year-old girls, I already had enough middle-aged
gentlemen in the cast.
I have also taken some dramatic licence with the Jansenist heresy
issue that emerges in the latter part of the play. Everything here about
Racine's connection with the Jansenists - and Madame de Maintenon's with
the Protestants - is historically accurate. But Racine did not fall foul
of the King's prejudice against Jansenists until several years after Esther.
The Bishop of Chartres' interpretation of Esther is mostly my own
- as is that of Madame de Caylus - but whether there really is some hidden
political/religious meaning in the play is still an open question and
people at the time certainly read real persons into the characters, as
Racine's enemies do in my play. The Curé of Versailles' fierce
opposition to the girls' performance of Esther is entirely historical,
though I have provided him with his arguments.
The translations from the spoken text of Esther are my own, but
in the first production we left the sung parts in French. It fits the
music better than a translation could and sounds more ethereal than English.
When we first began work on RACINE AT THE GIRLS' SCHOOL we thought that
the music director of Cheltenham Ladies' College, John Wright, would himself
have to compose music for the sung parts in the style of the period, since
nothing but a small harpsichord piece by the original composer, Jean-Baptiste
Moreau, seemed to have survived. Then we discovered that the British Library
owned a copy of the complete score for Esther.
So John Wright edited and transcribed the sections I wanted for my play
and Moreau's music received what may well have been its first ever hearing
in England. A shortened version of this score was used again for the play's
second production, by St Paul's Girls' School in London, in 1993.
There is to this day no evidence that Louis XIV, after the death
of his unhappy Queen in 1683, actually married Madame de Maintenon, who
had been employed to look after his illegitimate children by a previous
royal favourite, Madame de Montespan. But all historians are certain that
the marriage did take place, probably in the same year as the Queen's
death. Given the strong moral pressure Madame de Maintenon exerted on
the King and the moral 'cleansing' that took place at Versailles once
she became 'first lady' - including her foundation of the St Cyr school
for the daughters of poor noblemen - the historians are surely right.
The words of the 'loyal song' written by the Headmistress of St
Cyr, Madame de Brinon - the original music by Lully is lost - may seem
oddly familiar. Nancy Mitford's popular biography of Louis XIV - The Sun
King - prints the French text of this prototype of the British National
Anthem as well as illustrating the exact school uniform worn by the girls
of St Cyr. Adapted by Judy Langhorn, it looked so good on the Cheltenham
Chorus that I began to hope the Ladies' College might think of replacing
their own in its favour. The principal characters' costumes were also
made specially - by Michelle Walton - and were equally authentic, not
just to the period in general, but to the year 1689.
The ex-Queen of England, James II's second wife, is usually called
Mary, but this is confusing, since her step-daughter, the usurping Queen
of England, was also called Mary. In any case, the ex-Queen was Italian,
daughter of the Duke of Modena, so on both counts she's better called
Maria. The baby she refers to was called James and grew up to be 'The
Old Pretender', father of 'The Young Pretender', Bonnie Prince Charlie.
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